Allan Kardec was a renowned pedagogic director at various schools in France. In 1855, at the request of a friend, he attended a gathering where a séance was to take place. The U.S. Spiritualism movement had reached the Old World and offered a way to communicate with those that had passed on. After his experience, Kardec dedicated his time to researching the phenomena from a scientific and skeptical point of view. He provided observations, comparisons, and deductions that were based on logic, facts, and reason.