The Fullerene molecule is a carbon-based nano-scale structure of 60 carbon atoms arranged in a 3-dimensional soccer ball- like sphere. It is highly stable, but it can be modified with functional groups for desired biological activity. This new monograph in the ASME-Momentum Press series on Biomedical & Nanomedical Technologies will explore the basic physics and chemistry of Fullerenes, how the Fullerene molecule can be chemically modified with bio-active moieties, and then how it can be applied in clinical use. Examples of antimicrobial and anti-cancer uses will be discussed.